Strengths & Vitues
Criteria to define a strength
To ensure that we are on the same page when we talk about strengths the professors and researchers has distilled all the data through the following criteria:
Criterion 1: A strength contributes to various fulfillments that constitute the good life, for oneself and others. Although strengths and virtues determine how an individual copes with adversity, our focus is on how they fulfill an individual.
Criterion 2: Although strengths can and do produce desirable outcomes, each strength is morally valued in its own right, even in the absence of obvious beneficial outcomes.
Criterion 3: The display of a strength by one person does not diminish other people in the vicinity.
Criterion 4: Being able to phrase the “opposite” of a putative strength in a felicitous way counts against regarding it as a character strength.
Criterion 5: A strength needs to be manifest in the range of an individual’s behavior - thoughts, feelings and/or actions - in such a way that it can be assessed. It should be traitlike in the sense of having a degree of generality across situations and stability across time.
Criterion 6: The strength is distinct from other positive traits in the classification and cannot be decomposed into them.
Criterion 7: A character strength is embodied in consensual paragons.
Criterion 8: We do not believe this feature can be applied to all strengths, but an additional criterion where sensible is the existence of prodigies with respect to the strength.
Criterion 9: Conversely, another criterion for a character strength is the existence of people who show - selectively - the total absence of a given strength.
Criterion 10: As suggested by Erikson’s (1963) discussion of psychosocial stages and the virtues that results from their satisfactory resolutions, the larger society provides institutions and associated rituals for cultivating strengths and virtues and then for sustaining their practice.
Classification of character strengths
Wisdom and knowledge (Virtue) - cognitive strengths that entail the acquisition and use of knowledge.
- Creativity [originality, ingenuity]: Thinking of novel and productive ways to conceptualize and do things; includes artistic achievement but is not limited to it.
- Curiosity [interest, novelty-seeking, openness to experience]: Taking an interest in ongoing experience for its own sake; finding subjects and topics fascinating; exploring and discovering.
- Open-mindedness [judgment, critical thinking]: Thinking things through and examining them from all sides; not jumping to conclusions; being able to change one’s mind in light of evidence; weighing all evidence fairly.
- Love of learning: Mastering new skills, topics, and bodies of knowledge, whether on one’s own or formally; obviously related to the strength of curiosity but goes beyond it to describe the tendency to add systematically to what one knows.
- Perspective [wisdom]: Being able to provide wise counsel to others; having ways of looking at the world that make sense to oneself and to other people.
Courage (Virtue) - emotional strength that involve the exercise of will to accomplish goals in the face of opposition, external or internal.
- Bravery [valor]: Not shrinking from threat, challenge, difficulty, or pain: speaking up for what is right even if there is opposition; acting on convictions even if unpopular; includes physical bravery but is not limited to it.
- Persistence [perseverance, industriousness]: Finishing what one starts; persisting in a course of action in spite of obstacles; “getting it out the door”; taking pleasure in completing tasks.
- Integrity [authenticity, honesty]: Speaking the truth but more broadly presenting oneself in a genuine way and acting in a sincere way; being without pretense; taking responsibility for one’s feelings and actions.
- Vitality [zest, enthusiasm, vigor, energy]: Approaching life with excitement and energy; not doing things halfway or halfheartedly; living life as an adventure; feeling alive and activated.
Humanity (Virtue) - interpersonal strengths that involve tending and befriending others.
- Love: Valuing close relations with others, in particular those in which sharing and caring are reciprocated; being close to people.
- Kindness [generosity, nurturance, care, compassion, altruistic love, “nice-ness”]: Doing favors and good deeds for others; helping them; taking care of them.
- Social intelligence [emotional intelligence, personal intelligence]: Being aware of the movies and feeling of other people and oneself; knowing what to do to fit into different social situations; knowing what makes other people tick.
Justice (Virtue) - civic strengths that underlie healthy community life
- Citizenship [social responsibility, loyalty, teamwork]: Working well as a member of a group or team; being loyal to the group; doing one’s share.
- Fairness: Treating all people the same according to notions of fairness and justice; not letting personal feelings bias decisions about others; giving everyone a fair chance.
- Leadership: Encouraging a group of which one is a member to get things done and at the same maintain time good relations within the group; organizing group activities and seeing that they happen.
Temperance (Virtue) - strengths that protect against excess.
- Forgiveness and mercy: Forgiving those who have done wrong; accepting the shortcomings of others; giving people a second chance; not being vengeful.
- Humility / Modesty: Letting one’s accomplishments speak for themselves; not seeking the spotlight; not regarding oneself as more special than one is.
- Prudence: Being careful about one’s choices; not taking undue risks; not saying or doing things that might later be regretted.
- Self-regulation [self-control]: Regulating what one feels and does; being disciplined; controlling one’s appetites and emotions.
Transcendence (Virtue) - strengths that forge connections to the larger universe and provide meaning.
- Appreciation of beauty and excellence [awe, wonder, elevation]: Noticing and appreciating beauty, excellence, and/or skilled performance in various domains of life, from nature to art to mathematics to science to everyday experience.
- Gratitude: Being aware of and thankful for the good things that happen; taking time to express thanks.
- Hope [optimism, future-mindedness, future orientation]: Expecting the best in the future and working to achieve it; believing that a good future is something that can be brought about.
- Humor [playfulness]: Liking to laugh and tease; bringing smiles to other people; seeing the light side; making (not necessarily telling) jokes.
- Spirituality [religiousness, faith, purpose]: Having coherent beliefs about the higher purpose and meaning of the universe; knowing where one fits within the larger scheme; having beliefs about the meaning of life that shape conduct and provide comfort.
Source: Character Strengths &Virtues (Christopher Peterson & Martin E. P. Seligman)
